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CHAPTER 1 Understanding Enterprise IT Challenges 9 These materials are © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited. In large enterprises that have people dedicated to functions, this approach might seem to be acceptable, but in the midmarket and smaller organizations where people have to wear a lot of hats, it's frustrating. Even in large enterprises, it's far from a desira- ble solution as you consider the desire for organizations to shift spending to digital transformation efforts. This means that you may have fewer dollars available to cover specialized IT skills. Stumbling across public cloud challenges Maybe the solution is to throw away that three-tier gear and jump head first into the cloud. Or maybe not. First of all, this domain has a serious skills shortage. There are more jobs than there are qualified people. Even so, companies are looking for ways to reasonably leverage the public cloud, gener- ally choosing to implement hybrid cloud solutions. Increasingly, businesses are adopting multiple clouds, creating multi-cloud architectures that multiply the potential capability but also multiply the complexity and the potential for security issues. Many an organization has jumped into the public cloud only to discover — after they started getting their monthly invoices — that the water was ice cold. Many businesses failed to understand all the potential costs of the cloud, which include data transfer fees, processing fees, storage fees, and more. Without overarching insight into one public cloud, let alone many, in multi-cloud scenarios, organizations left themselves open to serious financial risk. Then there's security. Every platform introduces a new set of security policies and rules and they don't always align. Those prospective employees whom you already can't find also need to understand the nuances inherent in different cloud platforms. Other potential cloud challenges revolve around loss of control and limited visibility into data and operations. Significant con- cerns surround how to ensure data and application services are